3 茶多酚的药代动力学
1997年,ChenL.S.等〔20〕首次报道了EGCG、EGC和EC在啮齿动物中的吸收、分布、代谢、排泄过程。尽管EGCG、EGC、EC化学结构相似,但药代动力学却不尽相同。它们在血浆、组织中的水平采用HPLC测定。静脉注射DGT(去咖啡因的绿茶)25mg/kg后,EGCG、EGC和EC的血浆浓度符合二室模型。它们的β相半衰期(t1/2B)分别是212、45和41min,清除率(CL)分别是2.0、7.0和13.9ml/min/kg,表观分布容积(Vd)分别为1.5、2.1、和3.6dl/kg。EGC和EC和k12和k21(中央室与周围室间的分布速率常数)相似,但EGCG的k12比k21高3倍,提示EGCG更易分布于周围室。 eGCG的t1/2β较长,CL较小,提示EGCG比EGC和EC在体内能停留更长时间。当用EGCG静注时,t1/2β为135min,清除率为725ml/min/kg,Vd为22.5dl/kg,提示在DGT中有其他物质影响EGCG的浓度和排泄。DGT灌胃给药(200mg/kg)时,EGCG、EGC和EC的生物利用度分别为13.7%、31.2%和0.1%。静脉注射DGT(25mg/kg)后,EGCG在小肠组织中浓度最高,其半衰期(t1/2)为175min。EGC和EC在肾中浓度最高,t1/2分别为29min和28min。EGCG的AUC在肠中比肾中高4倍,而EGC和EC的AUC在肠和肾中相似,提示EGCG由胆汁排泄,而EGC和EC既从胆汁也从尿中排泄。他们还认为EGCG经加入饮水中给药比灌胃给药吸收更好。去咖啡因的绿茶提取物中的EGCG的吸收速率常数(Kd)比纯EGCG高3.6倍。基于每单位EGCG产生的AUC和Cmax,DGT似乎比纯EGCG更有效。值得一提的是Yang〔21〕发现把1.5g、3.0g、4.5g去咖啡因的绿茶溶于500ml水后给人饮用,随剂量由1.5g升至3.0g时,茶多酚的血浆Cmax也增加2.7~3.4倍,但当剂量增至4.5g时Cmax却不能明显增加。这被称为饱和现象。
结束语
近年来,植物来源的药物倍受青睐。不只因它对发现新药有很大潜力,还可为设计更理想的新药提供独特的化学结构,后者可被用为创制新药的先导化合物。众所周知,癌的发生至少经过三个阶段:即始发(initiation)、促癌(promotion)、演进(progression)。茶多酚的作用机制,特别是促癌阶段的分子机制是研究的热点。茶多酚来源于天然植物,茶叶为平常人家饮用。研究它的药理机制,特别在防癌抗癌方面,不仅顺应了抗癌药物从传统人工合成细胞毒药物向开发天然产物转变的大趋势,也必将促进它的进一步应用。
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